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Local History

Primary vs Secondary

All sources fit into at least one of two distinct categories -- primary and secondary sources - depending on how the information is being used. Primary sources include any original material from the time period, or individual, being studied. They are the original works, without analysis or interpretation. Secondary sources are works that critically examine and analyze primary sources. While in other contexts, the word "criticism" can have negative connotations in English, this is not necessarily the case when it comes to historical criticism where the analysis simply presents an interpretation of the historical facts and is, essentially, neutral.

 

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Definition

Any original material from the time period, or individual, being studied.

Works that look back on past events or individuals and critically analyze primary sources.

Common Types
of Sources

  • Memoirs
  • Letters
  • Speeches
  • Newspapers
  • Pictures
  • Interviews
  • Public records (birth or death certificates)
  • Burial engravings
  • Artifacts (coins, fossils, tools, clothing)
  • Buildings
  • Works of art
  • Books
  • Journal articles
  • Newspapers
  • Websites

Examples

Intimate Strangers: The Letters of Margaret Laurence & Gabrielle Roy

Publication Date: 2004

Kensington Market : Collective Memory, Public History, and Toronto's Urban Landscape

Publication Date: 2015